Time signatures
The top number says how many beats are in a bar; the bottom number says what kind of note is one beat (4 = crotchet). The first beat of every bar is the strongest.
6/8 is different: it has two beats in a bar, and each beat is a dotted crotchet (three quavers). Notes are grouped into those two dotted-crotchet beats, counted 1 & a, 2 & a. So six quavers are written 3 + 3, never 2 + 2 + 2 (that would look like 3/4).